path: root/internal/pkg/pkg.go

// Package pkg provides utilities for packaging software.
package pkg

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/sha512"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"io"
	"io/fs"
	"os"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"slices"
	"sync"

	"hakurei.app/container/check"
)

type (
	// A Checksum is a SHA-384 checksum computed for a cured [Artifact].
	Checksum = [sha512.Size384]byte

	// An ID is a unique identifier returned by [Artifact.ID]. This value must
	// be deterministically determined ahead of time.
	ID Checksum
)

// Encode is abbreviation for base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:]).
func Encode(checksum Checksum) string {
	return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:])
}

// encode is abbreviation for base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:]).
func encode(checksum *Checksum) string {
	return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:])
}

// MustDecode decodes a string representation of [Checksum] and panics if there
// is a decoding error or the resulting data is too short.
func MustDecode(s string) (checksum Checksum) {
	if n, err := base64.URLEncoding.Decode(
		checksum[:],
		[]byte(s),
	); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	} else if n != len(Checksum{}) {
		panic(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)
	}
	return
}

// An Artifact is a read-only reference to a piece of data that may be created
// deterministically but might not currently be available in memory or on the
// filesystem.
type Artifact interface {
	// Kind returns the [Kind] of artifact. This is usually unique to the
	// concrete type but two functionally identical implementations of
	// [Artifact] is allowed to return the same [Kind] value.
	Kind() Kind

	// ID returns a globally unique identifier referring to the current
	// [Artifact]. This value must be known ahead of time and guaranteed to be
	// unique without having obtained the full contents of the [Artifact].
	ID() ID

	// Hash returns the [Checksum] created from the full contents of a cured
	// [Artifact]. This can be stored for future lookup in a [Cache].
	//
	// A call to Hash implicitly cures [Artifact].
	Hash() (Checksum, error)

	// Pathname returns an absolute pathname to a file or directory populated
	// with the full contents of [Artifact]. This is the most expensive
	// operation possible on any [Artifact] and should be avoided if possible.
	//
	// A call to Pathname implicitly cures [Artifact].
	//
	// Callers must only open files read-only. If [Artifact] is a directory,
	// files must not be created or removed under this directory.
	Pathname() (*check.Absolute, error)
}

// A File refers to an [Artifact] backed by a single file.
type File interface {
	// Data returns the full contents of [Artifact].
	//
	// Callers must not modify the returned byte slice.
	Data() ([]byte, error)

	Artifact
}

// Kind corresponds to the concrete type of [Artifact] and is used to create
// identifier for an [Artifact] with dependencies.
type Kind uint64

const (
	// KindHTTP is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [Cache.NewHTTP].
	KindHTTP Kind = iota
	KindTar
)

// Ident returns a deterministic identifier for the supplied params and
// dependencies. The caller is responsible for ensuring params uniquely and
// deterministically describes the current [Artifact].
func (k Kind) Ident(params []byte, deps ...Artifact) ID {
	type extIdent [len(ID{}) + wordSize]byte
	identifiers := make([]extIdent, len(deps))
	for i, a := range deps {
		id := a.ID()
		copy(identifiers[i][wordSize:], id[:])
		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(identifiers[i][:], uint64(a.Kind()))
	}
	slices.SortFunc(identifiers, func(a, b extIdent) int { return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:]) })
	slices.Compact(identifiers)

	h := sha512.New384()
	h.Write(binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint64(nil, uint64(k)))
	h.Write(params)
	for _, e := range identifiers {
		h.Write(e[:])
	}
	return ID(h.Sum(nil))
}

const (
	// dirIdentifier is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
	// artifacts named after their [ID].
	dirIdentifier = "identifier"
	// dirChecksum is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
	// artifacts named after their [Checksum].
	dirChecksum = "checksum"

	// dirWork is the directory name appended to Cache.base for working
	// directories created for [Cache.Store].
	dirWork = "work"
)

// Cache is a support layer that implementations of [Artifact] can use to store
// cured [Artifact] data in a content addressed fashion.
type Cache struct {
	// Directory where all [Cache] related files are placed.
	base *check.Absolute

	// Protects the Store critical section.
	storeMu sync.Mutex

	// Synchronises access to most public methods.
	mu sync.RWMutex
}

// LoadFile loads the contents of a [File] by its identifier.
func (c *Cache) LoadFile(id ID) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	data []byte,
	err error,
) {
	pathname = c.base.Append(
		dirIdentifier,
		Encode(id),
	)

	c.mu.RLock()
	data, err = os.ReadFile(pathname.String())
	c.mu.RUnlock()

	return
}

// A ChecksumMismatchError describes an [Artifact] with unexpected content.
type ChecksumMismatchError struct {
	// Actual and expected checksums.
	Got, Want Checksum
}

func (e *ChecksumMismatchError) Error() string {
	return "got " + Encode(e.Got) +
		" instead of " + Encode(e.Want)
}

// pathname returns the content-addressed pathname for a [Checksum].
func (c *Cache) pathname(checksum *Checksum) *check.Absolute {
	return c.base.Append(
		dirChecksum,
		encode(checksum),
	)
}

// pathnameIdent returns the identifier-based pathname for an [ID].
func (c *Cache) pathnameIdent(id *ID) *check.Absolute {
	return c.base.Append(
		dirIdentifier,
		encode((*Checksum)(id)),
	)
}

// Store looks up an identifier, and if it is not present, calls makeArtifact
// with a private working directory and stores its result instead. An optional
// checksum can be passed via the result buffer which is used to validate the
// produced directory.
func (c *Cache) Store(
	id ID,
	makeArtifact func(work *check.Absolute) error,
	buf *Checksum,
	validate bool,
) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	store bool,
	err error,
) {
	pathname = c.pathnameIdent(&id)
	c.storeMu.Lock()
	defer c.storeMu.Unlock()

	_, err = os.Lstat(pathname.String())
	if err == nil || !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
		return
	}
	store = true

	var (
		workPathname    *check.Absolute
		workPathnameRaw string
	)
	if workPathnameRaw, err = os.MkdirTemp(
		c.base.Append(dirWork).String(),
		path.Base(pathname.String()+".*"),
	); err != nil {
		return
	} else if workPathname, err = check.NewAbs(workPathnameRaw); err != nil {
		return
	}
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			chmodErr := filepath.WalkDir(workPathname.String(), func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				if d.IsDir() {
					return os.Chmod(path, 0700)
				}
				return nil
			})
			removeErr := os.RemoveAll(workPathname.String())
			if chmodErr != nil || removeErr != nil {
				err = errors.Join(err, chmodErr, removeErr)
			} else if errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
				// two artifacts may be backed by the same file
				err = nil
			}
		}
	}()
	if err = os.Chmod(workPathname.String(), 0700); err != nil {
		return
	}

	if err = makeArtifact(workPathname); err != nil {
		return
	}
	// override this before hashing since it will be made read-only after the
	// rename anyway so do not let perm bits affect the checksum
	if err = os.Chmod(workPathname.String(), 0700); err != nil {
		return
	}
	var checksum Checksum
	if checksum, err = HashDir(workPathname); err != nil {
		return
	}
	if validate {
		if checksum != *buf {
			err = &ChecksumMismatchError{checksum, *buf}
			return
		}
	} else {
		*buf = checksum
	}

	checksumPathname := c.pathname(&checksum)
	if err = os.Rename(
		workPathname.String(),
		checksumPathname.String(),
	); err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
			return
		}
	} else if err = os.Chmod(checksumPathname.String(), 0500); err != nil {
		return
	}

	if linkErr := os.Symlink(
		"../"+dirChecksum+"/"+path.Base(checksumPathname.String()),
		pathname.String(),
	); linkErr != nil {
		err = linkErr
	}
	return
}

// storeFile stores the contents of a [File]. An optional checksum can be
// passed via the result buffer which is used to validate the submitted data.
//
// If locking is disabled, the caller is responsible for acquiring a write lock
// and releasing it after this method returns. This makes LoadOrStoreFile
// possible without holding the lock while computing hash for store only.
func (c *Cache) storeFile(
	identifierPathname *check.Absolute,
	data []byte,
	buf *Checksum,
	validate, lock bool,
) error {
	h := sha512.New384()
	h.Write(data)
	if validate {
		if got := (Checksum)(h.Sum(nil)); got != *buf {
			return &ChecksumMismatchError{got, *buf}
		}
	} else {
		h.Sum(buf[:0])
	}

	checksumPathname := c.pathname(buf)

	if lock {
		c.mu.Lock()
		defer c.mu.Unlock()
	}

	if f, err := os.OpenFile(
		checksumPathname.String(),
		os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL,
		0400,
	); err != nil {
		// two artifacts may be backed by the same file
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
			return err
		}
	} else if _, err = f.Write(data); err != nil {
		// do not attempt cleanup: this is content-addressed and a partial
		// write is caught during integrity check
		return err
	}

	return os.Symlink(
		"../"+dirChecksum+"/"+path.Base(checksumPathname.String()),
		identifierPathname.String(),
	)
}

// StoreFile stores the contents of a [File]. An optional checksum can be
// passed via the result buffer which is used to validate the submitted data.
func (c *Cache) StoreFile(
	id ID,
	data []byte,
	buf *Checksum,
	validate bool,
) (pathname *check.Absolute, err error) {
	pathname = c.pathnameIdent(&id)
	err = c.storeFile(pathname, data, buf, validate, true)
	return
}

// LoadOrStoreFile attempts to load the contents of a [File] by its identifier,
// and if that file is not present, calls makeData and stores its result
// instead. Hash validation behaviour is identical to StoreFile.
func (c *Cache) LoadOrStoreFile(
	id ID,
	makeData func() ([]byte, error),
	buf *Checksum,
	validate bool,
) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	data []byte,
	store bool,
	err error,
) {
	pathname = c.pathnameIdent(&id)
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	data, err = os.ReadFile(pathname.String())
	if err == nil || !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
		return
	}
	store = true

	data, err = makeData()
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	err = c.storeFile(pathname, data, buf, validate, false)
	return
}

// New returns the address to a new instance of [Cache].
func New(base *check.Absolute) (*Cache, error) {
	for _, name := range []string{
		dirIdentifier,
		dirChecksum,
		dirWork,
	} {
		if err := os.MkdirAll(base.Append(name).String(), 0700); err != nil &&
			!errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	return &Cache{
		base: base,
	}, nil
}