app: rename app implementation package

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

11 files changed, 1903 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/app.go b/internal/app/setuid/app.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..472d06ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/app.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/sys"
+)
+
+func New(ctx context.Context, os sys.State) (fst.App, error) {
+	a := new(app)
+	a.sys = os
+	a.ctx = ctx
+
+	id := new(fst.ID)
+	err := fst.NewAppID(id)
+	a.id = newID(id)
+
+	return a, err
+}
+
+func MustNew(ctx context.Context, os sys.State) fst.App {
+	a, err := New(ctx, os)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("cannot create app: %v", err)
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+type app struct {
+	id  *stringPair[fst.ID]
+	sys sys.State
+	ctx context.Context
+
+	*outcome
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func (a *app) ID() fst.ID { a.mu.RLock(); defer a.mu.RUnlock(); return a.id.unwrap() }
+
+func (a *app) String() string {
+	if a == nil {
+		return "(invalid app)"
+	}
+
+	a.mu.RLock()
+	defer a.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if a.outcome != nil {
+		if a.outcome.user.uid == nil {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("(sealed app %s with invalid uid)", a.id)
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("(sealed app %s as uid %s)", a.id, a.outcome.user.uid)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("(unsealed app %s)", a.id)
+}
+
+func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) (fst.SealedApp, error) {
+	a.mu.Lock()
+	defer a.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if a.outcome != nil {
+		panic("app sealed twice")
+	}
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil, fmsg.WrapError(ErrConfig,
+			"attempted to seal app with nil config")
+	}
+
+	seal := new(outcome)
+	seal.id = a.id
+	err := seal.finalise(a.ctx, a.sys, config)
+	if err == nil {
+		a.outcome = seal
+	}
+	return seal, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/app_nixos_test.go b/internal/app/setuid/app_nixos_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6469f235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/app_nixos_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package setuid_test
+
+import (
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
+	{
+		"nixos chromium direct wayland", new(stubNixOS),
+		&fst.Config{
+			ID:   "org.chromium.Chromium",
+			Path: "/nix/store/yqivzpzzn7z5x0lq9hmbzygh45d8rhqd-chromium-start",
+			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
+				AppID: 1, Groups: []string{}, Username: "u0_a1",
+				Outer: "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
+				Sandbox: &fst.SandboxConfig{
+					Userns: true, Net: true, MapRealUID: true, DirectWayland: true, Env: nil, AutoEtc: true,
+					Filesystem: []*fst.FilesystemConfig{
+						{Src: "/bin", Must: true}, {Src: "/usr/bin", Must: true},
+						{Src: "/nix/store", Must: true}, {Src: "/run/current-system", Must: true},
+						{Src: "/sys/block"}, {Src: "/sys/bus"}, {Src: "/sys/class"}, {Src: "/sys/dev"}, {Src: "/sys/devices"},
+						{Src: "/run/opengl-driver", Must: true}, {Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
+					},
+					Cover: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
+				},
+				SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
+					Talk:   []string{"org.bluez", "org.freedesktop.Avahi", "org.freedesktop.UPower"},
+					Filter: true,
+				},
+				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
+					Talk: []string{
+						"org.freedesktop.FileManager1", "org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+						"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver", "org.freedesktop.secrets",
+						"org.kde.kwalletd5", "org.kde.kwalletd6",
+					},
+					Own: []string{
+						"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
+					},
+					Call: map[string]string{}, Broadcast: map[string]string{},
+					Filter: true,
+				},
+				Enablements: system.EWayland | system.EDBus | system.EPulse,
+			},
+		},
+		fst.ID{
+			0x8e, 0x2c, 0x76, 0xb0,
+			0x66, 0xda, 0xbe, 0x57,
+			0x4c, 0xf0, 0x73, 0xbd,
+			0xb4, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xc1,
+		},
+		system.New(1000001).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
+			UpdatePermType(system.EWayland, "/run/user/1971/wayland-0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", acl.Execute).
+			Link("/run/user/1971/pulse/native", "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse").
+			CopyFile(nil, "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie", 256, 256).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", 0711).
+			MustProxyDBus("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", &dbus.Config{
+				Talk: []string{
+					"org.freedesktop.FileManager1", "org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+					"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver", "org.freedesktop.secrets",
+					"org.kde.kwalletd5", "org.kde.kwalletd6",
+				},
+				Own: []string{
+					"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
+				},
+				Call: map[string]string{}, Broadcast: map[string]string{},
+				Filter: true,
+			}, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", &dbus.Config{
+				Talk: []string{
+					"org.bluez",
+					"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
+					"org.freedesktop.UPower",
+				},
+				Filter: true,
+			}).
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", acl.Read, acl.Write).
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", acl.Read, acl.Write),
+		&sandbox.Params{
+			Uid:   1971,
+			Gid:   100,
+			Flags: sandbox.FAllowNet | sandbox.FAllowUserns,
+			Dir:   "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
+			Path:  "/nix/store/yqivzpzzn7z5x0lq9hmbzygh45d8rhqd-chromium-start",
+			Args:  []string{"/nix/store/yqivzpzzn7z5x0lq9hmbzygh45d8rhqd-chromium-start"},
+			Env: []string{
+				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1971/bus",
+				"DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
+				"HOME=/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
+				"PULSE_COOKIE=" + fst.Tmp + "/pulse-cookie",
+				"PULSE_SERVER=unix:/run/user/1971/pulse/native",
+				"SHELL=/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+				"TERM=xterm-256color",
+				"USER=u0_a1",
+				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY=wayland-0",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1971",
+				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user",
+				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE=tty",
+			},
+			Ops: new(sandbox.Ops).
+				Proc("/proc").
+				Tmpfs(fst.Tmp, 4096, 0755).
+				Dev("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+				Bind("/bin", "/bin", 0).
+				Bind("/usr/bin", "/usr/bin", 0).
+				Bind("/nix/store", "/nix/store", 0).
+				Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system", 0).
+				Bind("/sys/block", "/sys/block", sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/sys/bus", "/sys/bus", sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/sys/class", "/sys/class", sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/sys/dev", "/sys/dev", sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/sys/devices", "/sys/devices", sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver", 0).
+				Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", sandbox.BindDevice|sandbox.BindWritable|sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Etc("/etc", "8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1").
+				Tmpfs("/run/user", 4096, 0755).
+				Tmpfs("/run/user/1971", 8388608, 0700).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", "/tmp", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1", "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Place("/etc/passwd", []byte("u0_a1:x:1971:100:Fortify:/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n")).
+				Place("/etc/group", []byte("fortify:x:100:\n")).
+				Bind("/run/user/1971/wayland-0", "/run/user/1971/wayland-0", 0).
+				Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse", "/run/user/1971/pulse/native", 0).
+				Place(fst.Tmp+"/pulse-cookie", nil).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", "/run/user/1971/bus", 0).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket", 0).
+				Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192, 0755),
+		},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/app_pd_test.go b/internal/app/setuid/app_pd_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4ab5797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/app_pd_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+package setuid_test
+
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+var testCasesPd = []sealTestCase{
+	{
+		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
+		&fst.Config{
+			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
+				AppID:    0,
+				Username: "chronos",
+				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
+			},
+		},
+		fst.ID{
+			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
+			0x96, 0xd7, 0xbc, 0x15,
+			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
+			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
+		},
+		system.New(1000000).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute),
+		&sandbox.Params{
+			Flags: sandbox.FAllowNet | sandbox.FAllowUserns | sandbox.FAllowTTY,
+			Dir:   "/home/chronos",
+			Path:  "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+			Args:  []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh"},
+			Env: []string{
+				"HOME=/home/chronos",
+				"SHELL=/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+				"TERM=xterm-256color",
+				"USER=chronos",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/65534",
+				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user",
+				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE=tty",
+			},
+			Ops: new(sandbox.Ops).
+				Proc("/proc").
+				Tmpfs(fst.Tmp, 4096, 0755).
+				Dev("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+				Bind("/bin", "/bin", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/boot", "/boot", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/home", "/home", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/lib", "/lib", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/nix", "/nix", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/root", "/root", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/run", "/run", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/srv", "/srv", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/sys", "/sys", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/usr", "/usr", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/var", "/var", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/dev/kvm", "/dev/kvm", sandbox.BindWritable|sandbox.BindDevice|sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Tmpfs("/run/user/1971", 8192, 0755).
+				Tmpfs("/run/dbus", 8192, 0755).
+				Etc("/etc", "4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac").
+				Tmpfs("/run/user", 4096, 0755).
+				Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608, 0700).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", "/tmp", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Place("/etc/passwd", []byte("chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n")).
+				Place("/etc/group", []byte("fortify:x:65534:\n")).
+				Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192, 0755),
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
+		&fst.Config{
+			ID:   "org.chromium.Chromium",
+			Args: []string{"zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
+			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
+				AppID:    9,
+				Groups:   []string{"video"},
+				Username: "chronos",
+				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
+				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
+					Talk: []string{
+						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+						"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
+						"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
+						"org.freedesktop.secrets",
+						"org.kde.kwalletd5",
+						"org.kde.kwalletd6",
+						"org.gnome.SessionManager",
+					},
+					Own: []string{
+						"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
+					},
+					Call: map[string]string{
+						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
+					},
+					Broadcast: map[string]string{
+						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
+					},
+					Filter: true,
+				},
+				SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
+					Talk: []string{
+						"org.bluez",
+						"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
+						"org.freedesktop.UPower",
+					},
+					Filter: true,
+				},
+				Enablements: system.EWayland | system.EDBus | system.EPulse,
+			},
+		},
+		fst.ID{
+			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
+			0xb1, 0x75, 0x91, 0x17,
+			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
+			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
+		},
+		system.New(1000009).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0711).
+			Wayland(new(*os.File), "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/1971/wayland-0", "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c").
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
+			Link("/run/user/1971/pulse/native", "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse").
+			CopyFile(new([]byte), "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie", 256, 256).
+			MustProxyDBus("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", &dbus.Config{
+				Talk: []string{
+					"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+					"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
+					"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
+					"org.freedesktop.secrets",
+					"org.kde.kwalletd5",
+					"org.kde.kwalletd6",
+					"org.gnome.SessionManager",
+				},
+				Own: []string{
+					"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
+					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
+				},
+				Call: map[string]string{
+					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
+				},
+				Broadcast: map[string]string{
+					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
+				},
+				Filter: true,
+			}, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", &dbus.Config{
+				Talk: []string{
+					"org.bluez",
+					"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
+					"org.freedesktop.UPower",
+				},
+				Filter: true,
+			}).
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", acl.Read, acl.Write).
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", acl.Read, acl.Write),
+		&sandbox.Params{
+			Flags: sandbox.FAllowNet | sandbox.FAllowUserns | sandbox.FAllowTTY,
+			Dir:   "/home/chronos",
+			Path:  "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+			Args:  []string{"zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
+			Env: []string{
+				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
+				"DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
+				"HOME=/home/chronos",
+				"PULSE_COOKIE=" + fst.Tmp + "/pulse-cookie",
+				"PULSE_SERVER=unix:/run/user/65534/pulse/native",
+				"SHELL=/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+				"TERM=xterm-256color",
+				"USER=chronos",
+				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY=wayland-0",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/65534",
+				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user",
+				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE=tty",
+			},
+			Ops: new(sandbox.Ops).
+				Proc("/proc").
+				Tmpfs(fst.Tmp, 4096, 0755).
+				Dev("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+				Bind("/bin", "/bin", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/boot", "/boot", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/home", "/home", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/lib", "/lib", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/nix", "/nix", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/root", "/root", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/run", "/run", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/srv", "/srv", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/sys", "/sys", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/usr", "/usr", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/var", "/var", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", sandbox.BindWritable|sandbox.BindDevice|sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Bind("/dev/kvm", "/dev/kvm", sandbox.BindWritable|sandbox.BindDevice|sandbox.BindOptional).
+				Tmpfs("/run/user/1971", 8192, 0755).
+				Tmpfs("/run/dbus", 8192, 0755).
+				Etc("/etc", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c").
+				Tmpfs("/run/user", 4096, 0755).
+				Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608, 0700).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", "/tmp", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", sandbox.BindWritable).
+				Place("/etc/passwd", []byte("chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n")).
+				Place("/etc/group", []byte("fortify:x:65534:\n")).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0", 0).
+				Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse", "/run/user/65534/pulse/native", 0).
+				Place(fst.Tmp+"/pulse-cookie", nil).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", "/run/user/65534/bus", 0).
+				Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket", 0).
+				Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192, 0755),
+		},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/app_stub_test.go b/internal/app/setuid/app_stub_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b414f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/app_stub_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+package setuid_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"log"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+)
+
+// fs methods are not implemented using a real FS
+// to help better understand filesystem access behaviour
+type stubNixOS struct {
+	lookPathErr map[string]error
+	usernameErr map[string]error
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Getuid() int                              { return 1971 }
+func (s *stubNixOS) Getgid() int                              { return 100 }
+func (s *stubNixOS) TempDir() string                          { return "/tmp" }
+func (s *stubNixOS) MustExecutable() string                   { return "/run/wrappers/bin/fortify" }
+func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int)                            { panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code)) }
+func (s *stubNixOS) EvalSymlinks(path string) (string, error) { return path, nil }
+func (s *stubNixOS) Uid(aid int) (int, error)                 { return 1000000 + 0*10000 + aid, nil }
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Println(v ...any)               { log.Println(v...) }
+func (s *stubNixOS) Printf(format string, v ...any) { log.Printf(format, v...) }
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool) {
+	switch key {
+	case "SHELL":
+		return "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", true
+	case "TERM":
+		return "xterm-256color", true
+	case "WAYLAND_DISPLAY":
+		return "wayland-0", true
+	case "PULSE_COOKIE":
+		return "", false
+	case "HOME":
+		return "/home/ophestra", true
+	case "XDG_CONFIG_HOME":
+		return "/home/ophestra/xdg/config", true
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to access unexpected environment variable %q", key))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookPath(file string) (string, error) {
+	if s.lookPathErr != nil {
+		if err, ok := s.lookPathErr[file]; ok {
+			return "", err
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch file {
+	case "zsh":
+		return "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", nil
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to look up unexpected executable %q", file))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "video":
+		return &user.Group{Gid: "26", Name: "video"}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, user.UnknownGroupError(name)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "/":
+		return stubDirEntries("bin", "boot", "dev", "etc", "home", "lib",
+			"lib64", "nix", "proc", "root", "run", "srv", "sys", "tmp", "usr", "var")
+	case "/run":
+		return stubDirEntries("agetty.reload", "binfmt", "booted-system",
+			"credentials", "cryptsetup", "current-system", "dbus", "host", "keys",
+			"libvirt", "libvirtd.pid", "lock", "log", "lvm", "mount", "NetworkManager",
+			"nginx", "nixos", "nscd", "opengl-driver", "pppd", "resolvconf", "sddm",
+			"store", "syncoid", "system", "systemd", "tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2",
+			"user", "utmp", "virtlogd.pid", "wrappers", "zed.pid", "zed.state")
+	case "/etc":
+		return stubDirEntries("alsa", "bashrc", "binfmt.d", "dbus-1", "default",
+			"ethertypes", "fonts", "fstab", "fuse.conf", "group", "host.conf", "hostid",
+			"hostname", "hostname.CHECKSUM", "hosts", "inputrc", "ipsec.d", "issue", "kbd",
+			"libblockdev", "locale.conf", "localtime", "login.defs", "lsb-release", "lvm",
+			"machine-id", "man_db.conf", "modprobe.d", "modules-load.d", "mtab", "nanorc",
+			"netgroup", "NetworkManager", "nix", "nixos", "NIXOS", "nscd.conf", "nsswitch.conf",
+			"opensnitchd", "os-release", "pam", "pam.d", "passwd", "pipewire", "pki", "polkit-1",
+			"profile", "protocols", "qemu", "resolv.conf", "resolvconf.conf", "rpc", "samba",
+			"sddm.conf", "secureboot", "services", "set-environment", "shadow", "shells", "ssh",
+			"ssl", "static", "subgid", "subuid", "sudoers", "sysctl.d", "systemd", "terminfo",
+			"tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2", "UPower", "vconsole.conf", "X11", "zfs", "zinputrc",
+			"zoneinfo", "zprofile", "zshenv", "zshrc")
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to read unexpected directory %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "/var/run/nscd":
+		return nil, nil
+	case "/run/user/1971/pulse":
+		return nil, nil
+	case "/run/user/1971/pulse/native":
+		return stubFileInfoMode(0666), nil
+	case "/home/ophestra/.pulse-cookie":
+		return stubFileInfoIsDir(true), nil
+	case "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie":
+		return stubFileInfoIsDir(false), nil
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to stat unexpected path %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Open(name string) (fs.File, error) {
+	switch name {
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to open unexpected file %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() fst.Paths {
+	return fst.Paths{
+		SharePath:   "/tmp/fortify.1971",
+		RuntimePath: "/run/user/1971",
+		RunDirPath:  "/run/user/1971/fortify",
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/app_test.go b/internal/app/setuid/app_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4454e6ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/app_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package setuid_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io/fs"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/app/setuid"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/sys"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+type sealTestCase struct {
+	name          string
+	os            sys.State
+	config        *fst.Config
+	id            fst.ID
+	wantSys       *system.I
+	wantContainer *sandbox.Params
+}
+
+func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := append(testCasesPd, testCasesNixos...)
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			a := setuid.NewWithID(tc.id, tc.os)
+			var (
+				gotSys       *system.I
+				gotContainer *sandbox.Params
+			)
+			if !t.Run("seal", func(t *testing.T) {
+				if sa, err := a.Seal(tc.config); err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Seal: error = %v", err)
+					return
+				} else {
+					gotSys, gotContainer = setuid.AppIParams(a, sa)
+				}
+			}) {
+				return
+			}
+
+			t.Run("compare sys", func(t *testing.T) {
+				if !gotSys.Equal(tc.wantSys) {
+					t.Errorf("Seal: sys = %#v, want %#v",
+						gotSys, tc.wantSys)
+				}
+			})
+
+			t.Run("compare params", func(t *testing.T) {
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotContainer, tc.wantContainer) {
+					t.Errorf("seal: params =\n%s\n, want\n%s",
+						mustMarshal(gotContainer), mustMarshal(tc.wantContainer))
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func mustMarshal(v any) string {
+	if b, err := json.Marshal(v); err != nil {
+		panic(err.Error())
+	} else {
+		return string(b)
+	}
+}
+
+func stubDirEntries(names ...string) (e []fs.DirEntry, err error) {
+	e = make([]fs.DirEntry, len(names))
+	for i, name := range names {
+		e[i] = stubDirEntryPath(name)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+type stubDirEntryPath string
+
+func (p stubDirEntryPath) Name() string {
+	return string(p)
+}
+
+func (p stubDirEntryPath) IsDir() bool {
+	panic("attempted to call IsDir")
+}
+
+func (p stubDirEntryPath) Type() fs.FileMode {
+	panic("attempted to call Type")
+}
+
+func (p stubDirEntryPath) Info() (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	panic("attempted to call Info")
+}
+
+type stubFileInfoMode fs.FileMode
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) Name() string {
+	panic("attempted to call Name")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) Size() int64 {
+	panic("attempted to call Size")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) Mode() fs.FileMode {
+	return fs.FileMode(s)
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) ModTime() time.Time {
+	panic("attempted to call ModTime")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) IsDir() bool {
+	panic("attempted to call IsDir")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoMode) Sys() any {
+	panic("attempted to call Sys")
+}
+
+type stubFileInfoIsDir bool
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) Name() string {
+	panic("attempted to call Name")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) Size() int64 {
+	panic("attempted to call Size")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) Mode() fs.FileMode {
+	panic("attempted to call Mode")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) ModTime() time.Time {
+	panic("attempted to call ModTime")
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) IsDir() bool {
+	return bool(s)
+}
+
+func (s stubFileInfoIsDir) Sys() any {
+	panic("attempted to call Sys")
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/errors.go b/internal/app/setuid/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6c9685c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+func PrintRunStateErr(rs *fst.RunState, runErr error) (code int) {
+	code = rs.ExitStatus()
+
+	if runErr != nil {
+		if rs.Time == nil {
+			fmsg.PrintBaseError(runErr, "cannot start app:")
+		} else {
+			var e *fmsg.BaseError
+			if !fmsg.AsBaseError(runErr, &e) {
+				log.Println("wait failed:", runErr)
+			} else {
+				// Wait only returns either *app.ProcessError or *app.StateStoreError wrapped in a *app.BaseError
+				var se *StateStoreError
+				if !errors.As(runErr, &se) {
+					// does not need special handling
+					log.Print(e.Message())
+				} else {
+					// inner error are either unwrapped store errors
+					// or joined errors returned by *appSealTx revert
+					// wrapped in *app.BaseError
+					var ej RevertCompoundError
+					if !errors.As(se.InnerErr, &ej) {
+						// does not require special handling
+						log.Print(e.Message())
+					} else {
+						errs := ej.Unwrap()
+
+						// every error here is wrapped in *app.BaseError
+						for _, ei := range errs {
+							var eb *fmsg.BaseError
+							if !errors.As(ei, &eb) {
+								// unreachable
+								log.Println("invalid error type returned by revert:", ei)
+							} else {
+								// print inner *app.BaseError message
+								log.Print(eb.Message())
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if code == 0 {
+			code = 126
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rs.RevertErr != nil {
+		var stateStoreError *StateStoreError
+		if !errors.As(rs.RevertErr, &stateStoreError) || stateStoreError == nil {
+			fmsg.PrintBaseError(rs.RevertErr, "generic fault during cleanup:")
+			goto out
+		}
+
+		if stateStoreError.Err != nil {
+			if len(stateStoreError.Err) == 2 {
+				if stateStoreError.Err[0] != nil {
+					if joinedErrs, ok := stateStoreError.Err[0].(interface{ Unwrap() []error }); !ok {
+						fmsg.PrintBaseError(stateStoreError.Err[0], "generic fault during revert:")
+					} else {
+						for _, err := range joinedErrs.Unwrap() {
+							if err != nil {
+								fmsg.PrintBaseError(err, "fault during revert:")
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if stateStoreError.Err[1] != nil {
+					log.Printf("cannot close store: %v", stateStoreError.Err[1])
+				}
+			} else {
+				log.Printf("fault during cleanup: %v",
+					errors.Join(stateStoreError.Err...))
+			}
+		}
+
+		if stateStoreError.OpErr != nil {
+			log.Printf("blind revert due to store fault: %v",
+				stateStoreError.OpErr)
+		}
+
+		if stateStoreError.DoErr != nil {
+			fmsg.PrintBaseError(stateStoreError.DoErr, "state store operation unsuccessful:")
+		}
+
+		if stateStoreError.Inner && stateStoreError.InnerErr != nil {
+			fmsg.PrintBaseError(stateStoreError.InnerErr, "cannot destroy state entry:")
+		}
+
+	out:
+		if code == 0 {
+			code = 128
+		}
+	}
+	if rs.WaitErr != nil {
+		fmsg.Verbosef("wait: %v", rs.WaitErr)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// StateStoreError is returned for a failed state save
+type StateStoreError struct {
+	// whether inner function was called
+	Inner bool
+	// returned by the Save/Destroy method of [state.Cursor]
+	InnerErr error
+	// returned by the Do method of [state.Store]
+	DoErr error
+	// stores an arbitrary store operation error
+	OpErr error
+	// stores arbitrary errors
+	Err []error
+}
+
+// save saves arbitrary errors in [StateStoreError] once.
+func (e *StateStoreError) save(errs ...error) {
+	if len(errs) == 0 || e.Err != nil {
+		panic("invalid call to save")
+	}
+	e.Err = errs
+}
+
+func (e *StateStoreError) equiv(a ...any) error {
+	if e.Inner && e.InnerErr == nil && e.DoErr == nil && e.OpErr == nil && errors.Join(e.Err...) == nil {
+		return nil
+	} else {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(e, a...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *StateStoreError) Error() string {
+	if e.Inner && e.InnerErr != nil {
+		return e.InnerErr.Error()
+	}
+	if e.DoErr != nil {
+		return e.DoErr.Error()
+	}
+	if e.OpErr != nil {
+		return e.OpErr.Error()
+	}
+	if err := errors.Join(e.Err...); err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+
+	// equiv nullifies e for values where this is reached
+	panic("unreachable")
+}
+
+func (e *StateStoreError) Unwrap() (errs []error) {
+	errs = make([]error, 0, 3)
+	if e.InnerErr != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, e.InnerErr)
+	}
+	if e.DoErr != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, e.DoErr)
+	}
+	if e.OpErr != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, e.OpErr)
+	}
+	if err := errors.Join(e.Err...); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// A RevertCompoundError encapsulates errors returned by
+// the Revert method of [system.I].
+type RevertCompoundError interface {
+	Error() string
+	Unwrap() []error
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/export_test.go b/internal/app/setuid/export_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77182863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/export_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/sys"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+func NewWithID(id fst.ID, os sys.State) fst.App {
+	a := new(app)
+	a.id = newID(&id)
+	a.sys = os
+	return a
+}
+
+func AppIParams(a fst.App, sa fst.SealedApp) (*system.I, *sandbox.Params) {
+	v := a.(*app)
+	seal := sa.(*outcome)
+	if v.outcome != seal || v.id != seal.id {
+		panic("broken app/outcome link")
+	}
+	return seal.sys, seal.container
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/process.go b/internal/app/setuid/process.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e730225e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/process.go
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+const shimWaitTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+func (seal *outcome) Run(rs *fst.RunState) error {
+	if !seal.f.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		// run does much more than just starting a process; calling it twice, even if the first call fails, will result
+		// in inconsistent state that is impossible to clean up; return here to limit damage and hopefully give the
+		// other Run a chance to return
+		return errors.New("outcome: attempted to run twice")
+	}
+
+	if rs == nil {
+		panic("invalid state")
+	}
+
+	// read comp value early to allow for early failure
+	fsuPath := internal.MustFsuPath()
+
+	if err := seal.sys.Commit(seal.ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	store := state.NewMulti(seal.runDirPath)
+	deferredStoreFunc := func(c state.Cursor) error { return nil } // noop until state in store
+	defer func() {
+		var revertErr error
+		storeErr := new(StateStoreError)
+		storeErr.Inner, storeErr.DoErr = store.Do(seal.user.aid.unwrap(), func(c state.Cursor) {
+			revertErr = func() error {
+				storeErr.InnerErr = deferredStoreFunc(c)
+
+				var rt system.Enablement
+				ec := system.Process
+				if states, err := c.Load(); err != nil {
+					// revert per-process state here to limit damage
+					storeErr.OpErr = err
+					return seal.sys.Revert((*system.Criteria)(&ec))
+				} else {
+					if l := len(states); l == 0 {
+						ec |= system.User
+					} else {
+						fmsg.Verbosef("found %d instances, cleaning up without user-scoped operations", l)
+					}
+
+					// accumulate enablements of remaining launchers
+					for i, s := range states {
+						if s.Config != nil {
+							rt |= s.Config.Confinement.Enablements
+						} else {
+							log.Printf("state entry %d does not contain config", i)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				ec |= rt ^ (system.EWayland | system.EX11 | system.EDBus | system.EPulse)
+				if fmsg.Load() {
+					if ec > 0 {
+						fmsg.Verbose("reverting operations scope", system.TypeString(ec))
+					}
+				}
+
+				return seal.sys.Revert((*system.Criteria)(&ec))
+			}()
+		})
+		storeErr.save(revertErr, store.Close())
+		rs.RevertErr = storeErr.equiv("error during cleanup:")
+	}()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(seal.ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, fsuPath)
+	cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+	cmd.Dir = "/" // container init enters final working directory
+	// shim runs in the same session as monitor; see shim.go for behaviour
+	cmd.Cancel = func() error { return cmd.Process.Signal(syscall.SIGCONT) }
+
+	var e *gob.Encoder
+	if fd, encoder, err := sandbox.Setup(&cmd.ExtraFiles); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+			"cannot create shim setup pipe:")
+	} else {
+		e = encoder
+		cmd.Env = []string{
+			// passed through to shim by fsu
+			shimEnv + "=" + strconv.Itoa(fd),
+			// interpreted by fsu
+			"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + seal.user.aid.String(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(seal.user.supp) > 0 {
+		fmsg.Verbosef("attaching supplementary group ids %s", seal.user.supp)
+		// interpreted by fsu
+		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "FORTIFY_GROUPS="+strings.Join(seal.user.supp, " "))
+	}
+
+	fmsg.Verbosef("setuid helper at %s", fsuPath)
+	fmsg.Suspend()
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+			"cannot start setuid wrapper:")
+	}
+	rs.SetStart()
+
+	// this prevents blocking forever on an early failure
+	waitErr, setupErr := make(chan error, 1), make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { waitErr <- cmd.Wait(); cancel() }()
+	go func() { setupErr <- e.Encode(&shimParams{os.Getpid(), seal.container, seal.user.data, fmsg.Load()}) }()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-setupErr:
+		if err != nil {
+			fmsg.Resume()
+			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+				"cannot transmit shim config:")
+		}
+
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		fmsg.Resume()
+		return fmsg.WrapError(syscall.ECANCELED,
+			"shim setup canceled")
+	}
+
+	// returned after blocking on waitErr
+	var earlyStoreErr = new(StateStoreError)
+	{
+		// shim accepted setup payload, create process state
+		sd := state.State{
+			ID:   seal.id.unwrap(),
+			PID:  cmd.Process.Pid,
+			Time: *rs.Time,
+		}
+		earlyStoreErr.Inner, earlyStoreErr.DoErr = store.Do(seal.user.aid.unwrap(), func(c state.Cursor) {
+			earlyStoreErr.InnerErr = c.Save(&sd, seal.ct)
+		})
+	}
+
+	// state in store at this point, destroy defunct state entry on return
+	deferredStoreFunc = func(c state.Cursor) error { return c.Destroy(seal.id.unwrap()) }
+
+	waitTimeout := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() { <-seal.ctx.Done(); time.Sleep(shimWaitTimeout); close(waitTimeout) }()
+
+	select {
+	case rs.WaitErr = <-waitErr:
+		rs.WaitStatus = cmd.ProcessState.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus)
+		if fmsg.Load() {
+			switch {
+			case rs.Exited():
+				fmsg.Verbosef("process %d exited with code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, rs.ExitStatus())
+			case rs.CoreDump():
+				fmsg.Verbosef("process %d dumped core", cmd.Process.Pid)
+			case rs.Signaled():
+				fmsg.Verbosef("process %d got %s", cmd.Process.Pid, rs.Signal())
+			default:
+				fmsg.Verbosef("process %d exited with status %#x", cmd.Process.Pid, rs.WaitStatus)
+			}
+		}
+	case <-waitTimeout:
+		rs.WaitErr = syscall.ETIMEDOUT
+		fmsg.Resume()
+		log.Printf("process %d did not terminate", cmd.Process.Pid)
+	}
+
+	fmsg.Resume()
+	if seal.sync != nil {
+		if err := seal.sync.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("cannot close wayland security context: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if seal.dbusMsg != nil {
+		seal.dbusMsg()
+	}
+
+	return earlyStoreErr.equiv("cannot save process state:")
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/seal.go b/internal/app/setuid/seal.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92fbc2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/seal.go
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/sys"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox/wl"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/system"
+)
+
+const (
+	home  = "HOME"
+	shell = "SHELL"
+
+	xdgConfigHome   = "XDG_CONFIG_HOME"
+	xdgRuntimeDir   = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
+	xdgSessionClass = "XDG_SESSION_CLASS"
+	xdgSessionType  = "XDG_SESSION_TYPE"
+
+	term    = "TERM"
+	display = "DISPLAY"
+
+	pulseServer = "PULSE_SERVER"
+	pulseCookie = "PULSE_COOKIE"
+
+	dbusSessionBusAddress = "DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"
+	dbusSystemBusAddress  = "DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
+	ErrUser   = errors.New("invalid aid")
+	ErrHome   = errors.New("invalid home directory")
+	ErrName   = errors.New("invalid username")
+
+	ErrXDisplay = errors.New(display + " unset")
+
+	ErrPulseCookie = errors.New("pulse cookie not present")
+	ErrPulseSocket = errors.New("pulse socket not present")
+	ErrPulseMode   = errors.New("unexpected pulse socket mode")
+)
+
+var posixUsername = regexp.MustCompilePOSIX("^[a-z_]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,31}|[A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,30}\\$)$")
+
+// outcome stores copies of various parts of [fst.Config]
+type outcome struct {
+	// copied from initialising [app]
+	id *stringPair[fst.ID]
+	// copied from [sys.State] response
+	runDirPath string
+
+	// initial [fst.Config] gob stream for state data;
+	// this is prepared ahead of time as config is clobbered during seal creation
+	ct io.WriterTo
+	// dump dbus proxy message buffer
+	dbusMsg func()
+
+	user fsuUser
+	sys  *system.I
+	ctx  context.Context
+
+	container *sandbox.Params
+	env       map[string]string
+	sync      *os.File
+
+	f atomic.Bool
+}
+
+// shareHost holds optional share directory state that must not be accessed directly
+type shareHost struct {
+	// whether XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is used post fsu
+	useRuntimeDir bool
+	// process-specific directory in tmpdir, empty if unused
+	sharePath string
+	// process-specific directory in XDG_RUNTIME_DIR, empty if unused
+	runtimeSharePath string
+
+	seal *outcome
+	sc   fst.Paths
+}
+
+// ensureRuntimeDir must be called if direct access to paths within XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is required
+func (share *shareHost) ensureRuntimeDir() {
+	if share.useRuntimeDir {
+		return
+	}
+	share.useRuntimeDir = true
+	share.seal.sys.Ensure(share.sc.RunDirPath, 0700)
+	share.seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, share.sc.RunDirPath, acl.Execute)
+	share.seal.sys.Ensure(share.sc.RuntimePath, 0700) // ensure this dir in case XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
+	share.seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, share.sc.RuntimePath, acl.Execute)
+}
+
+// instance returns a process-specific share path within tmpdir
+func (share *shareHost) instance() string {
+	if share.sharePath != "" {
+		return share.sharePath
+	}
+	share.sharePath = path.Join(share.sc.SharePath, share.seal.id.String())
+	share.seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, share.sharePath, 0711)
+	return share.sharePath
+}
+
+// runtime returns a process-specific share path within XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
+func (share *shareHost) runtime() string {
+	if share.runtimeSharePath != "" {
+		return share.runtimeSharePath
+	}
+	share.ensureRuntimeDir()
+	share.runtimeSharePath = path.Join(share.sc.RunDirPath, share.seal.id.String())
+	share.seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, share.runtimeSharePath, 0700)
+	share.seal.sys.UpdatePerm(share.runtimeSharePath, acl.Execute)
+	return share.runtimeSharePath
+}
+
+// fsuUser stores post-fsu credentials and metadata
+type fsuUser struct {
+	// application id
+	aid *stringPair[int]
+	// target uid resolved by fid:aid
+	uid *stringPair[int]
+
+	// supplementary group ids
+	supp []string
+
+	// home directory host path
+	data string
+	// app user home directory
+	home string
+	// passwd database username
+	username string
+}
+
+func (seal *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, sys sys.State, config *fst.Config) error {
+	if seal.ctx != nil {
+		panic("finalise called twice")
+	}
+	seal.ctx = ctx
+
+	{
+		// encode initial configuration for state tracking
+		ct := new(bytes.Buffer)
+		if err := gob.NewEncoder(ct).Encode(config); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+				"cannot encode initial config:")
+		}
+		seal.ct = ct
+	}
+
+	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999, this is checked again in fsu
+	if config.Confinement.AppID < 0 || config.Confinement.AppID > 9999 {
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser,
+			fmt.Sprintf("aid %d out of range", config.Confinement.AppID))
+	}
+
+	seal.user = fsuUser{
+		aid:      newInt(config.Confinement.AppID),
+		data:     config.Confinement.Outer,
+		home:     config.Confinement.Inner,
+		username: config.Confinement.Username,
+	}
+	if seal.user.username == "" {
+		seal.user.username = "chronos"
+	} else if !posixUsername.MatchString(seal.user.username) ||
+		len(seal.user.username) >= internal.Sysconf_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX() {
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrName,
+			fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", seal.user.username))
+	}
+	if seal.user.data == "" || !path.IsAbs(seal.user.data) {
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrHome,
+			fmt.Sprintf("invalid home directory %q", seal.user.data))
+	}
+	if seal.user.home == "" {
+		seal.user.home = seal.user.data
+	}
+	if u, err := sys.Uid(seal.user.aid.unwrap()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else {
+		seal.user.uid = newInt(u)
+	}
+	seal.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Confinement.Groups))
+	for i, name := range config.Confinement.Groups {
+		if g, err := sys.LookupGroup(name); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(err,
+				fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name))
+		} else {
+			seal.user.supp[i] = g.Gid
+		}
+	}
+
+	// this also falls back to host path if encountering an invalid path
+	if !path.IsAbs(config.Confinement.Shell) {
+		config.Confinement.Shell = "/bin/sh"
+		if s, ok := sys.LookupEnv(shell); ok && path.IsAbs(s) {
+			config.Confinement.Shell = s
+		}
+	}
+	// do not use the value of shell before this point
+
+	// permissive defaults
+	if config.Confinement.Sandbox == nil {
+		fmsg.Verbose("sandbox configuration not supplied, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
+
+		// fsu clears the environment so resolve paths early
+		if !path.IsAbs(config.Path) {
+			if len(config.Args) > 0 {
+				if p, err := sys.LookPath(config.Args[0]); err != nil {
+					return fmsg.WrapError(err, err.Error())
+				} else {
+					config.Path = p
+				}
+			} else {
+				config.Path = config.Confinement.Shell
+			}
+		}
+
+		conf := &fst.SandboxConfig{
+			Userns:  true,
+			Net:     true,
+			Tty:     true,
+			AutoEtc: true,
+		}
+		// bind entries in /
+		if d, err := sys.ReadDir("/"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			b := make([]*fst.FilesystemConfig, 0, len(d))
+			for _, ent := range d {
+				p := "/" + ent.Name()
+				switch p {
+				case "/proc":
+				case "/dev":
+				case "/tmp":
+				case "/mnt":
+				case "/etc":
+
+				default:
+					b = append(b, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
+				}
+			}
+			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, b...)
+		}
+
+		// hide nscd from sandbox if present
+		nscd := "/var/run/nscd"
+		if _, err := sys.Stat(nscd); !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+			conf.Cover = append(conf.Cover, nscd)
+		}
+		// bind GPU stuff
+		if config.Confinement.Enablements&(system.EX11|system.EWayland) != 0 {
+			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
+		}
+		// opportunistically bind kvm
+		conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/kvm", Device: true})
+
+		config.Confinement.Sandbox = conf
+	}
+
+	var mapuid, mapgid *stringPair[int]
+	{
+		var uid, gid int
+		var err error
+		seal.container, seal.env, err = config.Confinement.Sandbox.ToContainer(sys, &uid, &gid)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+				"cannot initialise container configuration:")
+		}
+		if !path.IsAbs(config.Path) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(syscall.EINVAL,
+				"invalid program path")
+		}
+		if len(config.Args) == 0 {
+			config.Args = []string{config.Path}
+		}
+		seal.container.Path = config.Path
+		seal.container.Args = config.Args
+
+		mapuid = newInt(uid)
+		mapgid = newInt(gid)
+		if seal.env == nil {
+			seal.env = make(map[string]string, 1<<6)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !config.Confinement.Sandbox.AutoEtc {
+		if config.Confinement.Sandbox.Etc != "" {
+			seal.container.Bind(config.Confinement.Sandbox.Etc, "/etc", 0)
+		}
+	} else {
+		etcPath := config.Confinement.Sandbox.Etc
+		if etcPath == "" {
+			etcPath = "/etc"
+		}
+		seal.container.Etc(etcPath, seal.id.String())
+	}
+
+	// inner XDG_RUNTIME_DIR default formatting of `/run/user/%d` as mapped uid
+	innerRuntimeDir := path.Join("/run/user", mapuid.String())
+	seal.container.Tmpfs("/run/user", 1<<12, 0755)
+	seal.container.Tmpfs(innerRuntimeDir, 1<<23, 0700)
+	seal.env[xdgRuntimeDir] = innerRuntimeDir
+	seal.env[xdgSessionClass] = "user"
+	seal.env[xdgSessionType] = "tty"
+
+	share := &shareHost{seal: seal, sc: sys.Paths()}
+	seal.runDirPath = share.sc.RunDirPath
+	seal.sys = system.New(seal.user.uid.unwrap())
+
+	{
+		seal.sys.Ensure(share.sc.SharePath, 0711)
+		tmpdir := path.Join(share.sc.SharePath, "tmpdir")
+		seal.sys.Ensure(tmpdir, 0700)
+		seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, tmpdir, acl.Execute)
+		tmpdirInst := path.Join(tmpdir, seal.user.aid.String())
+		seal.sys.Ensure(tmpdirInst, 01700)
+		seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, tmpdirInst, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
+		// mount inner /tmp from share so it shares persistence and storage behaviour of host /tmp
+		seal.container.Bind(tmpdirInst, "/tmp", sandbox.BindWritable)
+	}
+
+	{
+		homeDir := "/var/empty"
+		if seal.user.home != "" {
+			homeDir = seal.user.home
+		}
+		username := "chronos"
+		if seal.user.username != "" {
+			username = seal.user.username
+		}
+		seal.container.Bind(seal.user.data, homeDir, sandbox.BindWritable)
+		seal.container.Dir = homeDir
+		seal.env["HOME"] = homeDir
+		seal.env["USER"] = username
+		seal.env[shell] = config.Confinement.Shell
+
+		seal.container.Place("/etc/passwd",
+			[]byte(username+":x:"+mapuid.String()+":"+mapgid.String()+":Fortify:"+homeDir+":"+config.Confinement.Shell+"\n"))
+		seal.container.Place("/etc/group",
+			[]byte("fortify:x:"+mapgid.String()+":\n"))
+	}
+
+	// pass TERM for proper terminal I/O in initial process
+	if t, ok := sys.LookupEnv(term); ok {
+		seal.env[term] = t
+	}
+
+	if config.Confinement.Enablements&system.EWayland != 0 {
+		// outer wayland socket (usually `/run/user/%d/wayland-%d`)
+		var socketPath string
+		if name, ok := sys.LookupEnv(wl.WaylandDisplay); !ok {
+			fmsg.Verbose(wl.WaylandDisplay + " is not set, assuming " + wl.FallbackName)
+			socketPath = path.Join(share.sc.RuntimePath, wl.FallbackName)
+		} else if !path.IsAbs(name) {
+			socketPath = path.Join(share.sc.RuntimePath, name)
+		} else {
+			socketPath = name
+		}
+
+		innerPath := path.Join(innerRuntimeDir, wl.FallbackName)
+		seal.env[wl.WaylandDisplay] = wl.FallbackName
+
+		if !config.Confinement.Sandbox.DirectWayland { // set up security-context-v1
+			appID := config.ID
+			if appID == "" {
+				// use instance ID in case app id is not set
+				appID = "uk.gensokyo.fortify." + seal.id.String()
+			}
+			// downstream socket paths
+			outerPath := path.Join(share.instance(), "wayland")
+			seal.sys.Wayland(&seal.sync, outerPath, socketPath, appID, seal.id.String())
+			seal.container.Bind(outerPath, innerPath, 0)
+		} else { // bind mount wayland socket (insecure)
+			fmsg.Verbose("direct wayland access, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
+			share.ensureRuntimeDir()
+			seal.container.Bind(socketPath, innerPath, 0)
+			seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.EWayland, socketPath, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if config.Confinement.Enablements&system.EX11 != 0 {
+		if d, ok := sys.LookupEnv(display); !ok {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrXDisplay,
+				"DISPLAY is not set")
+		} else {
+			seal.sys.ChangeHosts("#" + seal.user.uid.String())
+			seal.env[display] = d
+			seal.container.Bind("/tmp/.X11-unix", "/tmp/.X11-unix", 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if config.Confinement.Enablements&system.EPulse != 0 {
+		// PulseAudio runtime directory (usually `/run/user/%d/pulse`)
+		pulseRuntimeDir := path.Join(share.sc.RuntimePath, "pulse")
+		// PulseAudio socket (usually `/run/user/%d/pulse/native`)
+		pulseSocket := path.Join(pulseRuntimeDir, "native")
+
+		if _, err := sys.Stat(pulseRuntimeDir); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+					fmt.Sprintf("cannot access PulseAudio directory %q:", pulseRuntimeDir))
+			}
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrPulseSocket,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PulseAudio directory %q not found", pulseRuntimeDir))
+		}
+
+		if s, err := sys.Stat(pulseSocket); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+					fmt.Sprintf("cannot access PulseAudio socket %q:", pulseSocket))
+			}
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrPulseSocket,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PulseAudio directory %q found but socket does not exist", pulseRuntimeDir))
+		} else {
+			if m := s.Mode(); m&0o006 != 0o006 {
+				return fmsg.WrapError(ErrPulseMode,
+					fmt.Sprintf("unexpected permissions on %q:", pulseSocket), m)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// hard link pulse socket into target-executable share
+		innerPulseRuntimeDir := path.Join(share.runtime(), "pulse")
+		innerPulseSocket := path.Join(innerRuntimeDir, "pulse", "native")
+		seal.sys.Link(pulseSocket, innerPulseRuntimeDir)
+		seal.container.Bind(innerPulseRuntimeDir, innerPulseSocket, 0)
+		seal.env[pulseServer] = "unix:" + innerPulseSocket
+
+		// publish current user's pulse cookie for target user
+		if src, err := discoverPulseCookie(sys); err != nil {
+			// not fatal
+			fmsg.Verbose(strings.TrimSpace(err.(*fmsg.BaseError).Message()))
+		} else {
+			innerDst := fst.Tmp + "/pulse-cookie"
+			seal.env[pulseCookie] = innerDst
+			var payload *[]byte
+			seal.container.PlaceP(innerDst, &payload)
+			seal.sys.CopyFile(payload, src, 256, 256)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if config.Confinement.Enablements&system.EDBus != 0 {
+		// ensure dbus session bus defaults
+		if config.Confinement.SessionBus == nil {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(config.ID, true, true)
+		}
+
+		// downstream socket paths
+		sharePath := share.instance()
+		sessionPath, systemPath := path.Join(sharePath, "bus"), path.Join(sharePath, "system_bus_socket")
+
+		// configure dbus proxy
+		if f, err := seal.sys.ProxyDBus(
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus, config.Confinement.SystemBus,
+			sessionPath, systemPath,
+		); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			seal.dbusMsg = f
+		}
+
+		// share proxy sockets
+		sessionInner := path.Join(innerRuntimeDir, "bus")
+		seal.env[dbusSessionBusAddress] = "unix:path=" + sessionInner
+		seal.container.Bind(sessionPath, sessionInner, 0)
+		seal.sys.UpdatePerm(sessionPath, acl.Read, acl.Write)
+		if config.Confinement.SystemBus != nil {
+			systemInner := "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket"
+			seal.env[dbusSystemBusAddress] = "unix:path=" + systemInner
+			seal.container.Bind(systemPath, systemInner, 0)
+			seal.sys.UpdatePerm(systemPath, acl.Read, acl.Write)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, dest := range config.Confinement.Sandbox.Cover {
+		seal.container.Tmpfs(dest, 1<<13, 0755)
+	}
+
+	// append ExtraPerms last
+	for _, p := range config.Confinement.ExtraPerms {
+		if p == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if p.Ensure {
+			seal.sys.Ensure(p.Path, 0700)
+		}
+
+		perms := make(acl.Perms, 0, 3)
+		if p.Read {
+			perms = append(perms, acl.Read)
+		}
+		if p.Write {
+			perms = append(perms, acl.Write)
+		}
+		if p.Execute {
+			perms = append(perms, acl.Execute)
+		}
+		seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, p.Path, perms...)
+	}
+
+	// flatten and sort env for deterministic behaviour
+	seal.container.Env = make([]string, 0, len(seal.env))
+	for k, v := range seal.env {
+		if strings.IndexByte(k, '=') != -1 {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(syscall.EINVAL,
+				fmt.Sprintf("invalid environment variable %s", k))
+		}
+		seal.container.Env = append(seal.container.Env, k+"="+v)
+	}
+	slices.Sort(seal.container.Env)
+
+	fmsg.Verbosef("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, argv: %s",
+		seal.user.uid, seal.user.username, config.Confinement.Groups, seal.container.Args)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// discoverPulseCookie attempts various standard methods to discover the current user's PulseAudio authentication cookie
+func discoverPulseCookie(sys sys.State) (string, error) {
+	if p, ok := sys.LookupEnv(pulseCookie); ok {
+		return p, nil
+	}
+
+	// dotfile $HOME/.pulse-cookie
+	if p, ok := sys.LookupEnv(home); ok {
+		p = path.Join(p, ".pulse-cookie")
+		if s, err := sys.Stat(p); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				return p, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+					fmt.Sprintf("cannot access PulseAudio cookie %q:", p))
+			}
+			// not found, try next method
+		} else if !s.IsDir() {
+			return p, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pulse/cookie
+	if p, ok := sys.LookupEnv(xdgConfigHome); ok {
+		p = path.Join(p, "pulse", "cookie")
+		if s, err := sys.Stat(p); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				return p, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+					fmt.Sprintf("cannot access PulseAudio cookie %q:", p))
+			}
+			// not found, try next method
+		} else if !s.IsDir() {
+			return p, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", fmsg.WrapError(ErrPulseCookie,
+		fmt.Sprintf("cannot locate PulseAudio cookie (tried $%s, $%s/pulse/cookie, $%s/.pulse-cookie)",
+			pulseCookie, xdgConfigHome, home))
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/shim.go b/internal/app/setuid/shim.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1717f812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/shim.go
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox"
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/sandbox/seccomp"
+)
+
+/*
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+static pid_t f_shim_param_ppid = -1;
+
+// this cannot unblock fmsg since Go code is not async-signal-safe
+static void f_shim_sigaction(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ucontext) {
+  if (sig != SIGCONT || si == NULL) {
+    // unreachable
+    fprintf(stderr, "sigaction: sa_sigaction got invalid siginfo\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // monitor requests shim exit
+  if (si->si_pid == f_shim_param_ppid)
+    exit(254);
+
+  fprintf(stderr, "sigaction: got SIGCONT from process %d\n", si->si_pid);
+
+  // shim orphaned before monitor delivers a signal
+  if (getppid() != f_shim_param_ppid)
+    exit(3);
+}
+
+void f_shim_setup_cont_signal(pid_t ppid) {
+  struct sigaction new_action = {0}, old_action = {0};
+  if (sigaction(SIGCONT, NULL, &old_action) != 0)
+    return;
+  if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_DFL) {
+    errno = ENOTRECOVERABLE;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  new_action.sa_sigaction = f_shim_sigaction;
+  if (sigemptyset(&new_action.sa_mask) != 0)
+    return;
+  new_action.sa_flags = SA_ONSTACK | SA_SIGINFO;
+
+  if (sigaction(SIGCONT, &new_action, NULL) != 0)
+    return;
+
+  errno = 0;
+  f_shim_param_ppid = ppid;
+}
+*/
+import "C"
+
+const shimEnv = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
+
+type shimParams struct {
+	// monitor pid, checked against ppid in signal handler
+	Monitor int
+
+	// finalised container params
+	Container *sandbox.Params
+	// path to outer home directory
+	Home string
+
+	// verbosity pass through
+	Verbose bool
+}
+
+// ShimMain is the main function of the shim process and runs as the unconstrained target user.
+func ShimMain() {
+	fmsg.Prepare("shim")
+
+	if err := sandbox.SetDumpable(sandbox.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		params     shimParams
+		closeSetup func() error
+	)
+	if f, err := sandbox.Receive(shimEnv, &params, nil); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sandbox.ErrInvalid) {
+			log.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
+		}
+		if errors.Is(err, sandbox.ErrNotSet) {
+			log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
+		}
+
+		log.Fatalf("cannot receive shim setup params: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		internal.InstallFmsg(params.Verbose)
+		closeSetup = f
+
+		// the Go runtime does not expose siginfo_t so SIGCONT is handled in C to check si_pid
+		if _, err = C.f_shim_setup_cont_signal(C.pid_t(params.Monitor)); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot install SIGCONT handler: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// pdeath_signal delivery is checked as if the dying process called kill(2), see kernel/exit.c
+		if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, syscall.PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, uintptr(syscall.SIGCONT), 0); errno != 0 {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot set parent-death signal: %v", errno)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if params.Container == nil || params.Container.Ops == nil {
+		log.Fatal("invalid container params")
+	}
+
+	// close setup socket
+	if err := closeSetup(); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("cannot close setup pipe: %v", err)
+		// not fatal
+	}
+
+	// ensure home directory as target user
+	if s, err := os.Stat(params.Home); err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if err = os.Mkdir(params.Home, 0700); err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("cannot create home directory: %v", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot access home directory: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// home directory is created, proceed
+	} else if !s.IsDir() {
+		log.Fatalf("path %q is not a directory", params.Home)
+	}
+
+	var name string
+	if len(params.Container.Args) > 0 {
+		name = params.Container.Args[0]
+	}
+	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	defer stop() // unreachable
+	container := sandbox.New(ctx, name)
+	container.Params = *params.Container
+	container.Stdin, container.Stdout, container.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+	container.Cancel = func(cmd *exec.Cmd) error { return cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt) }
+	container.WaitDelay = 2 * time.Second
+
+	if err := container.Start(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.PrintBaseError(err, "cannot start container:")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := container.Serve(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.PrintBaseError(err, "cannot configure container:")
+	}
+
+	if err := seccomp.Load(seccomp.PresetCommon); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("cannot load syscall filter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := container.Wait(); err != nil {
+		var exitError *exec.ExitError
+		if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
+			if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+				os.Exit(2)
+			}
+			log.Printf("wait: %v", err)
+			os.Exit(127)
+		}
+		os.Exit(exitError.ExitCode())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/setuid/strings.go b/internal/app/setuid/strings.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5b51344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/app/setuid/strings.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package setuid
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+)
+
+func newInt(v int) *stringPair[int]        { return &stringPair[int]{v, strconv.Itoa(v)} }
+func newID(id *fst.ID) *stringPair[fst.ID] { return &stringPair[fst.ID]{*id, id.String()} }
+
+// stringPair stores a value and its string representation.
+type stringPair[T comparable] struct {
+	v T
+	s string
+}
+
+func (s *stringPair[T]) unwrap() T      { return s.v }
+func (s *stringPair[T]) String() string { return s.s }