container/init: split setup ops into individual files

This significantly increases readability.

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

10 files changed, 704 insertions, 623 deletions

diff --git a/container/initbind.go b/container/initbind.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12db42d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initbind.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	. "syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(BindMountOp)) }
+
+// Bind appends an [Op] that bind mounts host path [BindMountOp.Source] on container path [BindMountOp.Target].
+func (f *Ops) Bind(source, target *Absolute, flags int) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &BindMountOp{nil, source, target, flags})
+	return f
+}
+
+// BindMountOp bind mounts host path Source on container path Target.
+// Note that Flags uses bits declared in this package and should not be set with constants in [syscall].
+type BindMountOp struct {
+	sourceFinal, Source, Target *Absolute
+
+	Flags int
+}
+
+const (
+	// BindOptional skips nonexistent host paths.
+	BindOptional = 1 << iota
+	// BindWritable mounts filesystem read-write.
+	BindWritable
+	// BindDevice allows access to devices (special files) on this filesystem.
+	BindDevice
+)
+
+func (b *BindMountOp) early(*setupState) error {
+	if b.Source == nil || b.Target == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+
+	if pathname, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(b.Source.String()); err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) && b.Flags&BindOptional != 0 {
+			// leave sourceFinal as nil
+			return nil
+		}
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	} else {
+		b.sourceFinal, err = NewAbs(pathname)
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *BindMountOp) apply(*setupState) error {
+	if b.sourceFinal == nil {
+		if b.Flags&BindOptional == 0 {
+			// unreachable
+			return EBADE
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	source := toHost(b.sourceFinal.String())
+	target := toSysroot(b.Target.String())
+
+	// this perm value emulates bwrap behaviour as it clears bits from 0755 based on
+	// op->perms which is never set for any bind setup op so always results in 0700
+	if fi, err := os.Stat(source); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	} else if fi.IsDir() {
+		if err = os.MkdirAll(target, 0700); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+	} else if err = ensureFile(target, 0444, 0700); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var flags uintptr = MS_REC
+	if b.Flags&BindWritable == 0 {
+		flags |= MS_RDONLY
+	}
+	if b.Flags&BindDevice == 0 {
+		flags |= MS_NODEV
+	}
+
+	return hostProc.bindMount(source, target, flags, b.sourceFinal == b.Target)
+}
+
+func (b *BindMountOp) Is(op Op) bool { vb, ok := op.(*BindMountOp); return ok && *b == *vb }
+func (*BindMountOp) prefix() string  { return "mounting" }
+func (b *BindMountOp) String() string {
+	if b.Source == b.Target {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%q flags %#x", b.Source, b.Flags)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%q on %q flags %#x", b.Source, b.Target, b.Flags)
+}
diff --git a/container/initdev.go b/container/initdev.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..827df9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initdev.go
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	. "syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(MountDevOp)) }
+
+// Dev appends an [Op] that mounts a subset of host /dev.
+func (f *Ops) Dev(target *Absolute, mqueue bool) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountDevOp{target, mqueue, false})
+	return f
+}
+
+// DevWritable appends an [Op] that mounts a writable subset of host /dev.
+// There is usually no good reason to write to /dev, so this should always be followed by a [RemountOp].
+func (f *Ops) DevWritable(target *Absolute, mqueue bool) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountDevOp{target, mqueue, true})
+	return f
+}
+
+// MountDevOp mounts a subset of host /dev on container path Target.
+// If Mqueue is true, a private instance of [FstypeMqueue] is mounted.
+// If Write is true, the resulting mount point is left writable.
+type MountDevOp struct {
+	Target *Absolute
+	Mqueue bool
+	Write  bool
+}
+
+func (d *MountDevOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (d *MountDevOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
+	if d.Target == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+	target := toSysroot(d.Target.String())
+
+	if err := mountTmpfs(SourceTmpfsDevtmpfs, target, MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV, 0, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"null", "zero", "full", "random", "urandom", "tty"} {
+		targetPath := path.Join(target, name)
+		if err := ensureFile(targetPath, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := hostProc.bindMount(
+			toHost(FHSDev+name),
+			targetPath,
+			0,
+			true,
+		); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	for i, name := range []string{"stdin", "stdout", "stderr"} {
+		if err := os.Symlink(
+			FHSProc+"self/fd/"+string(rune(i+'0')),
+			path.Join(target, name),
+		); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, pair := range [][2]string{
+		{FHSProc + "self/fd", "fd"},
+		{FHSProc + "kcore", "core"},
+		{"pts/ptmx", "ptmx"},
+	} {
+		if err := os.Symlink(pair[0], path.Join(target, pair[1])); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	devPtsPath := path.Join(target, "pts")
+	for _, name := range []string{path.Join(target, "shm"), devPtsPath} {
+		if err := os.Mkdir(name, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := Mount(SourceDevpts, devPtsPath, FstypeDevpts, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
+		"newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=620"); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
+			fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount devpts on %q:", devPtsPath))
+	}
+
+	if state.RetainSession {
+		var buf [8]byte
+		if _, _, errno := Syscall(SYS_IOCTL, 1, TIOCGWINSZ, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]))); errno == 0 {
+			consolePath := path.Join(target, "console")
+			if err := ensureFile(consolePath, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if name, err := os.Readlink(hostProc.stdout()); err != nil {
+				return wrapErrSelf(err)
+			} else if err = hostProc.bindMount(
+				toHost(name),
+				consolePath,
+				0,
+				false,
+			); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if d.Mqueue {
+		mqueueTarget := path.Join(target, "mqueue")
+		if err := os.Mkdir(mqueueTarget, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+		if err := Mount(SourceMqueue, mqueueTarget, FstypeMqueue, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, zeroString); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSuffix(err, "cannot mount mqueue:")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if d.Write {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return wrapErrSuffix(hostProc.remount(target, MS_RDONLY),
+		fmt.Sprintf("cannot remount %q:", target))
+}
+
+func (d *MountDevOp) Is(op Op) bool { vd, ok := op.(*MountDevOp); return ok && *d == *vd }
+func (*MountDevOp) prefix() string  { return "mounting" }
+func (d *MountDevOp) String() string {
+	if d.Mqueue {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("dev on %q with mqueue", d.Target)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("dev on %q", d.Target)
+}
diff --git a/container/initmkdir.go b/container/initmkdir.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75256b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initmkdir.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(MkdirOp)) }
+
+// Mkdir appends an [Op] that creates a directory in the container filesystem.
+func (f *Ops) Mkdir(name *Absolute, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MkdirOp{name, perm})
+	return f
+}
+
+// MkdirOp creates a directory at container Path with permission bits set to Perm.
+type MkdirOp struct {
+	Path *Absolute
+	Perm os.FileMode
+}
+
+func (m *MkdirOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (m *MkdirOp) apply(*setupState) error {
+	if m.Path == nil {
+		return syscall.EBADE
+	}
+	return wrapErrSelf(os.MkdirAll(toSysroot(m.Path.String()), m.Perm))
+}
+
+func (m *MkdirOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vm, ok := op.(*MkdirOp); return ok && m == vm }
+func (*MkdirOp) prefix() string   { return "creating" }
+func (m *MkdirOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("directory %q perm %s", m.Path, m.Perm) }
diff --git a/container/initoverlay.go b/container/initoverlay.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..718b965b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initoverlay.go
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	. "syscall"
+)
+
+const (
+	// intermediate root file name pattern for [MountOverlayOp.Upper];
+	// remains after apply returns
+	intermediatePatternOverlayUpper = "overlay.upper.*"
+	// intermediate root file name pattern for [MountOverlayOp.Work];
+	// remains after apply returns
+	intermediatePatternOverlayWork = "overlay.work.*"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(MountOverlayOp)) }
+
+// Overlay appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem on [MountOverlayOp.Target].
+func (f *Ops) Overlay(target, state, work *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountOverlayOp{
+		Target: target,
+		Lower:  layers,
+		Upper:  state,
+		Work:   work,
+	})
+	return f
+}
+
+// OverlayEphemeral appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem on [MountOverlayOp.Target]
+// with an ephemeral upperdir and workdir.
+func (f *Ops) OverlayEphemeral(target *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
+	return f.Overlay(target, AbsFHSRoot, nil, layers...)
+}
+
+// OverlayReadonly appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem readonly on [MountOverlayOp.Target]
+func (f *Ops) OverlayReadonly(target *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
+	return f.Overlay(target, nil, nil, layers...)
+}
+
+// MountOverlayOp mounts [FstypeOverlay] on container path Target.
+type MountOverlayOp struct {
+	Target *Absolute
+
+	// Any filesystem, does not need to be on a writable filesystem.
+	Lower []*Absolute
+	// formatted for [OptionOverlayLowerdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
+	lower []string
+	// The upperdir is normally on a writable filesystem.
+	//
+	// If Work is nil and Upper holds the special value [FHSRoot],
+	// an ephemeral upperdir and workdir will be set up.
+	//
+	// If both Work and Upper are empty strings, upperdir and workdir is omitted and the overlay is mounted readonly.
+	Upper *Absolute
+	// formatted for [OptionOverlayUpperdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
+	upper string
+	// The workdir needs to be an empty directory on the same filesystem as upperdir.
+	Work *Absolute
+	// formatted for [OptionOverlayWorkdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
+	work string
+
+	ephemeral bool
+}
+
+func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(*setupState) error {
+	if o.Work == nil && o.Upper != nil {
+		switch o.Upper.String() {
+		case FHSRoot: // ephemeral
+			o.ephemeral = true // intermediate root not yet available
+
+		default:
+			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, fmt.Sprintf("upperdir has unexpected value %q", o.Upper))
+		}
+	}
+	// readonly handled in apply
+
+	if !o.ephemeral {
+		if o.Upper != o.Work && (o.Upper == nil || o.Work == nil) {
+			// unreachable
+			return msg.WrapErr(ENOTRECOVERABLE, "impossible overlay state reached")
+		}
+
+		if o.Upper != nil {
+			if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(o.Upper.String()); err != nil {
+				return wrapErrSelf(err)
+			} else {
+				o.upper = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+			}
+		}
+
+		if o.Work != nil {
+			if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(o.Work.String()); err != nil {
+				return wrapErrSelf(err)
+			} else {
+				o.work = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	o.lower = make([]string, len(o.Lower))
+	for i, a := range o.Lower {
+		if a == nil {
+			return EBADE
+		}
+
+		if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(a.String()); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		} else {
+			o.lower[i] = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
+	if o.Target == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+	target := toSysroot(o.Target.String())
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(target, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	}
+
+	if o.ephemeral {
+		var err error
+		// these directories are created internally, therefore early (absolute, symlink, prefix, escape) is bypassed
+		if o.upper, err = os.MkdirTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternOverlayUpper); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+		if o.work, err = os.MkdirTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternOverlayWork); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	options := make([]string, 0, 4)
+
+	if o.upper == zeroString && o.work == zeroString { // readonly
+		if len(o.Lower) < 2 {
+			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, "readonly overlay requires at least two lowerdir")
+		}
+		// "upperdir=" and "workdir=" may be omitted. In that case the overlay will be read-only
+	} else {
+		if len(o.Lower) == 0 {
+			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, "overlay requires at least one lowerdir")
+		}
+		options = append(options,
+			OptionOverlayUpperdir+"="+o.upper,
+			OptionOverlayWorkdir+"="+o.work)
+	}
+	options = append(options,
+		OptionOverlayLowerdir+"="+strings.Join(o.lower, SpecialOverlayPath),
+		OptionOverlayUserxattr)
+
+	return wrapErrSuffix(Mount(SourceOverlay, target, FstypeOverlay, 0, strings.Join(options, SpecialOverlayOption)),
+		fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount overlay on %q:", o.Target))
+}
+
+func (o *MountOverlayOp) Is(op Op) bool {
+	vo, ok := op.(*MountOverlayOp)
+	return ok &&
+		o.Target == vo.Target &&
+		slices.Equal(o.Lower, vo.Lower) &&
+		o.Upper == vo.Upper &&
+		o.Work == vo.Work
+}
+func (*MountOverlayOp) prefix() string { return "mounting" }
+func (o *MountOverlayOp) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("overlay on %q with %d layers", o.Target, len(o.Lower))
+}
diff --git a/container/initplace.go b/container/initplace.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce7ad86b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initplace.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	. "syscall"
+)
+
+const (
+	// intermediate root file name pattern for [TmpfileOp]
+	intermediatePatternTmpfile = "tmp.*"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(TmpfileOp)) }
+
+// Place appends an [Op] that places a file in container path [TmpfileOp.Path] containing [TmpfileOp.Data].
+func (f *Ops) Place(name *Absolute, data []byte) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &TmpfileOp{name, data})
+	return f
+}
+
+// PlaceP is like Place but writes the address of [TmpfileOp.Data] to the pointer dataP points to.
+func (f *Ops) PlaceP(name *Absolute, dataP **[]byte) *Ops {
+	t := &TmpfileOp{Path: name}
+	*dataP = &t.Data
+
+	*f = append(*f, t)
+	return f
+}
+
+// TmpfileOp places a file on container Path containing Data.
+type TmpfileOp struct {
+	Path *Absolute
+	Data []byte
+}
+
+func (t *TmpfileOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (t *TmpfileOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
+	if t.Path == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+
+	var tmpPath string
+	if f, err := os.CreateTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternTmpfile); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	} else if _, err = f.Write(t.Data); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
+			"cannot write to intermediate file:")
+	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
+			"cannot close intermediate file:")
+	} else {
+		tmpPath = f.Name()
+	}
+
+	target := toSysroot(t.Path.String())
+	if err := ensureFile(target, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if err = hostProc.bindMount(
+		tmpPath,
+		target,
+		MS_RDONLY|MS_NODEV,
+		false,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if err = os.Remove(tmpPath); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TmpfileOp) Is(op Op) bool {
+	vt, ok := op.(*TmpfileOp)
+	return ok && t.Path == vt.Path && slices.Equal(t.Data, vt.Data)
+}
+func (*TmpfileOp) prefix() string { return "placing" }
+func (t *TmpfileOp) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("tmpfile %q (%d bytes)", t.Path, len(t.Data))
+}
diff --git a/container/initproc.go b/container/initproc.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..150702ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initproc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	. "syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(MountProcOp)) }
+
+// Proc appends an [Op] that mounts a private instance of proc.
+func (f *Ops) Proc(target *Absolute) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountProcOp{target})
+	return f
+}
+
+// MountProcOp mounts a new instance of [FstypeProc] on container path Target.
+type MountProcOp struct {
+	Target *Absolute
+}
+
+func (p *MountProcOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (p *MountProcOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
+	if p.Target == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+	target := toSysroot(p.Target.String())
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(target, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	}
+	return wrapErrSuffix(Mount(SourceProc, target, FstypeProc, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, zeroString),
+		fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount proc on %q:", p.Target.String()))
+}
+
+func (p *MountProcOp) Is(op Op) bool {
+	vp, ok := op.(*MountProcOp)
+	return ok && ((p == nil && vp == nil) || p == vp)
+}
+func (*MountProcOp) prefix() string   { return "mounting" }
+func (p *MountProcOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("proc on %q", p.Target) }
diff --git a/container/initremount.go b/container/initremount.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b290af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initremount.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(RemountOp)) }
+
+// Remount appends an [Op] that applies [RemountOp.Flags] on container path [RemountOp.Target].
+func (f *Ops) Remount(target *Absolute, flags uintptr) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &RemountOp{target, flags})
+	return f
+}
+
+// RemountOp remounts Target with Flags.
+type RemountOp struct {
+	Target *Absolute
+	Flags  uintptr
+}
+
+func (*RemountOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (r *RemountOp) apply(*setupState) error {
+	if r.Target == nil {
+		return syscall.EBADE
+	}
+	return wrapErrSuffix(hostProc.remount(toSysroot(r.Target.String()), r.Flags),
+		fmt.Sprintf("cannot remount %q:", r.Target))
+}
+
+func (r *RemountOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vr, ok := op.(*RemountOp); return ok && *r == *vr }
+func (*RemountOp) prefix() string   { return "remounting" }
+func (r *RemountOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%q flags %#x", r.Target, r.Flags) }
diff --git a/container/initsymlink.go b/container/initsymlink.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae061694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/initsymlink.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(SymlinkOp)) }
+
+// Link appends an [Op] that creates a symlink in the container filesystem.
+func (f *Ops) Link(target *Absolute, linkName string, dereference bool) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &SymlinkOp{target, linkName, dereference})
+	return f
+}
+
+// SymlinkOp optionally dereferences LinkName and creates a symlink at container path Target.
+type SymlinkOp struct {
+	Target *Absolute
+	// LinkName is an arbitrary uninterpreted pathname.
+	LinkName string
+
+	// Dereference causes LinkName to be dereferenced during early.
+	Dereference bool
+}
+
+func (l *SymlinkOp) early(*setupState) error {
+	if l.Dereference {
+		if !isAbs(l.LinkName) {
+			return msg.WrapErr(syscall.EBADE, fmt.Sprintf("path %q is not absolute", l.LinkName))
+		}
+		if name, err := os.Readlink(l.LinkName); err != nil {
+			return wrapErrSelf(err)
+		} else {
+			l.LinkName = name
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (l *SymlinkOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
+	if l.Target == nil {
+		return syscall.EBADE
+	}
+	target := toSysroot(l.Target.String())
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(target), state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Symlink(l.LinkName, target); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrSelf(err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (l *SymlinkOp) Is(op Op) bool { vl, ok := op.(*SymlinkOp); return ok && *l == *vl }
+func (*SymlinkOp) prefix() string  { return "creating" }
+func (l *SymlinkOp) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("symlink on %q linkname %q", l.Target, l.LinkName)
+}
diff --git a/container/inittmpfs.go b/container/inittmpfs.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4f03237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/container/inittmpfs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	. "syscall"
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(MountTmpfsOp)) }
+
+// Tmpfs appends an [Op] that mounts tmpfs on container path [MountTmpfsOp.Path].
+func (f *Ops) Tmpfs(target *Absolute, size int, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountTmpfsOp{SourceTmpfsEphemeral, target, MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV, size, perm})
+	return f
+}
+
+// Readonly appends an [Op] that mounts read-only tmpfs on container path [MountTmpfsOp.Path].
+func (f *Ops) Readonly(target *Absolute, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
+	*f = append(*f, &MountTmpfsOp{SourceTmpfsReadonly, target, MS_RDONLY | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV, 0, perm})
+	return f
+}
+
+// MountTmpfsOp mounts [FstypeTmpfs] on container Path.
+type MountTmpfsOp struct {
+	FSName string
+	Path   *Absolute
+	Flags  uintptr
+	Size   int
+	Perm   os.FileMode
+}
+
+func (t *MountTmpfsOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
+func (t *MountTmpfsOp) apply(*setupState) error {
+	if t.Path == nil {
+		return EBADE
+	}
+	if t.Size < 0 || t.Size > math.MaxUint>>1 {
+		return msg.WrapErr(EBADE, fmt.Sprintf("size %d out of bounds", t.Size))
+	}
+	return mountTmpfs(t.FSName, toSysroot(t.Path.String()), t.Flags, t.Size, t.Perm)
+}
+
+func (t *MountTmpfsOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vt, ok := op.(*MountTmpfsOp); return ok && *t == *vt }
+func (*MountTmpfsOp) prefix() string   { return "mounting" }
+func (t *MountTmpfsOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("tmpfs on %q size %d", t.Path, t.Size) }
diff --git a/container/ops.go b/container/ops.go
deleted file mode 100644
index f67968bb..00000000
--- a/container/ops.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,623 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"slices"
-	"strings"
-	. "syscall"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-const (
-	// intermediate root file name pattern for [MountOverlayOp.Upper];
-	// remains after apply returns
-	intermediatePatternOverlayUpper = "overlay.upper.*"
-	// intermediate root file name pattern for [MountOverlayOp.Work];
-	// remains after apply returns
-	intermediatePatternOverlayWork = "overlay.work.*"
-	// intermediate root file name pattern for [TmpfileOp]
-	intermediatePatternTmpfile = "tmp.*"
-)
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(RemountOp)) }
-
-// Remount appends an [Op] that applies [RemountOp.Flags] on container path [RemountOp.Target].
-func (f *Ops) Remount(target *Absolute, flags uintptr) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &RemountOp{target, flags})
-	return f
-}
-
-type RemountOp struct {
-	Target *Absolute
-	Flags  uintptr
-}
-
-func (*RemountOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (r *RemountOp) apply(*setupState) error {
-	if r.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	return wrapErrSuffix(hostProc.remount(toSysroot(r.Target.String()), r.Flags),
-		fmt.Sprintf("cannot remount %q:", r.Target))
-}
-
-func (r *RemountOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vr, ok := op.(*RemountOp); return ok && *r == *vr }
-func (*RemountOp) prefix() string   { return "remounting" }
-func (r *RemountOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%q flags %#x", r.Target, r.Flags) }
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(BindMountOp)) }
-
-// Bind appends an [Op] that bind mounts host path [BindMountOp.Source] on container path [BindMountOp.Target].
-func (f *Ops) Bind(source, target *Absolute, flags int) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &BindMountOp{nil, source, target, flags})
-	return f
-}
-
-type BindMountOp struct {
-	sourceFinal, Source, Target *Absolute
-
-	Flags int
-}
-
-const (
-	// BindOptional skips nonexistent host paths.
-	BindOptional = 1 << iota
-	// BindWritable mounts filesystem read-write.
-	BindWritable
-	// BindDevice allows access to devices (special files) on this filesystem.
-	BindDevice
-)
-
-func (b *BindMountOp) early(*setupState) error {
-	if b.Source == nil || b.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-
-	if pathname, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(b.Source.String()); err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) && b.Flags&BindOptional != 0 {
-			// leave sourceFinal as nil
-			return nil
-		}
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	} else {
-		b.sourceFinal, err = NewAbs(pathname)
-		return err
-	}
-}
-
-func (b *BindMountOp) apply(*setupState) error {
-	if b.sourceFinal == nil {
-		if b.Flags&BindOptional == 0 {
-			// unreachable
-			return EBADE
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	source := toHost(b.sourceFinal.String())
-	target := toSysroot(b.Target.String())
-
-	// this perm value emulates bwrap behaviour as it clears bits from 0755 based on
-	// op->perms which is never set for any bind setup op so always results in 0700
-	if fi, err := os.Stat(source); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	} else if fi.IsDir() {
-		if err = os.MkdirAll(target, 0700); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-	} else if err = ensureFile(target, 0444, 0700); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	var flags uintptr = MS_REC
-	if b.Flags&BindWritable == 0 {
-		flags |= MS_RDONLY
-	}
-	if b.Flags&BindDevice == 0 {
-		flags |= MS_NODEV
-	}
-
-	return hostProc.bindMount(source, target, flags, b.sourceFinal == b.Target)
-}
-
-func (b *BindMountOp) Is(op Op) bool { vb, ok := op.(*BindMountOp); return ok && *b == *vb }
-func (*BindMountOp) prefix() string  { return "mounting" }
-func (b *BindMountOp) String() string {
-	if b.Source == b.Target {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%q flags %#x", b.Source, b.Flags)
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%q on %q flags %#x", b.Source, b.Target, b.Flags)
-}
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(MountProcOp)) }
-
-// Proc appends an [Op] that mounts a private instance of proc.
-func (f *Ops) Proc(target *Absolute) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountProcOp{target})
-	return f
-}
-
-type MountProcOp struct {
-	Target *Absolute
-}
-
-func (p *MountProcOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (p *MountProcOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
-	if p.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	target := toSysroot(p.Target.String())
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(target, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	}
-	return wrapErrSuffix(Mount(SourceProc, target, FstypeProc, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, zeroString),
-		fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount proc on %q:", p.Target.String()))
-}
-
-func (p *MountProcOp) Is(op Op) bool {
-	vp, ok := op.(*MountProcOp)
-	return ok && ((p == nil && vp == nil) || p == vp)
-}
-func (*MountProcOp) prefix() string   { return "mounting" }
-func (p *MountProcOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("proc on %q", p.Target) }
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(MountDevOp)) }
-
-// Dev appends an [Op] that mounts a subset of host /dev.
-func (f *Ops) Dev(target *Absolute, mqueue bool) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountDevOp{target, mqueue, false})
-	return f
-}
-
-// DevWritable appends an [Op] that mounts a writable subset of host /dev.
-// There is usually no good reason to write to /dev, so this should always be followed by a [RemountOp].
-func (f *Ops) DevWritable(target *Absolute, mqueue bool) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountDevOp{target, mqueue, true})
-	return f
-}
-
-type MountDevOp struct {
-	Target *Absolute
-	Mqueue bool
-	Write  bool
-}
-
-func (d *MountDevOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (d *MountDevOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
-	if d.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	target := toSysroot(d.Target.String())
-
-	if err := mountTmpfs(SourceTmpfsDevtmpfs, target, MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV, 0, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, name := range []string{"null", "zero", "full", "random", "urandom", "tty"} {
-		targetPath := path.Join(target, name)
-		if err := ensureFile(targetPath, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := hostProc.bindMount(
-			toHost(FHSDev+name),
-			targetPath,
-			0,
-			true,
-		); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	for i, name := range []string{"stdin", "stdout", "stderr"} {
-		if err := os.Symlink(
-			FHSProc+"self/fd/"+string(rune(i+'0')),
-			path.Join(target, name),
-		); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, pair := range [][2]string{
-		{FHSProc + "self/fd", "fd"},
-		{FHSProc + "kcore", "core"},
-		{"pts/ptmx", "ptmx"},
-	} {
-		if err := os.Symlink(pair[0], path.Join(target, pair[1])); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	devPtsPath := path.Join(target, "pts")
-	for _, name := range []string{path.Join(target, "shm"), devPtsPath} {
-		if err := os.Mkdir(name, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := Mount(SourceDevpts, devPtsPath, FstypeDevpts, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
-		"newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=620"); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount devpts on %q:", devPtsPath))
-	}
-
-	if state.RetainSession {
-		var buf [8]byte
-		if _, _, errno := Syscall(SYS_IOCTL, 1, TIOCGWINSZ, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]))); errno == 0 {
-			consolePath := path.Join(target, "console")
-			if err := ensureFile(consolePath, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if name, err := os.Readlink(hostProc.stdout()); err != nil {
-				return wrapErrSelf(err)
-			} else if err = hostProc.bindMount(
-				toHost(name),
-				consolePath,
-				0,
-				false,
-			); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if d.Mqueue {
-		mqueueTarget := path.Join(target, "mqueue")
-		if err := os.Mkdir(mqueueTarget, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-		if err := Mount(SourceMqueue, mqueueTarget, FstypeMqueue, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, zeroString); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSuffix(err, "cannot mount mqueue:")
-		}
-	}
-
-	if d.Write {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return wrapErrSuffix(hostProc.remount(target, MS_RDONLY),
-		fmt.Sprintf("cannot remount %q:", target))
-}
-
-func (d *MountDevOp) Is(op Op) bool { vd, ok := op.(*MountDevOp); return ok && *d == *vd }
-func (*MountDevOp) prefix() string  { return "mounting" }
-func (d *MountDevOp) String() string {
-	if d.Mqueue {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("dev on %q with mqueue", d.Target)
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("dev on %q", d.Target)
-}
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(MountTmpfsOp)) }
-
-// Tmpfs appends an [Op] that mounts tmpfs on container path [MountTmpfsOp.Path].
-func (f *Ops) Tmpfs(target *Absolute, size int, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountTmpfsOp{SourceTmpfsEphemeral, target, MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV, size, perm})
-	return f
-}
-
-// Readonly appends an [Op] that mounts read-only tmpfs on container path [MountTmpfsOp.Path].
-func (f *Ops) Readonly(target *Absolute, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountTmpfsOp{SourceTmpfsReadonly, target, MS_RDONLY | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV, 0, perm})
-	return f
-}
-
-type MountTmpfsOp struct {
-	FSName string
-	Path   *Absolute
-	Flags  uintptr
-	Size   int
-	Perm   os.FileMode
-}
-
-func (t *MountTmpfsOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (t *MountTmpfsOp) apply(*setupState) error {
-	if t.Path == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	if t.Size < 0 || t.Size > math.MaxUint>>1 {
-		return msg.WrapErr(EBADE, fmt.Sprintf("size %d out of bounds", t.Size))
-	}
-	return mountTmpfs(t.FSName, toSysroot(t.Path.String()), t.Flags, t.Size, t.Perm)
-}
-
-func (t *MountTmpfsOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vt, ok := op.(*MountTmpfsOp); return ok && *t == *vt }
-func (*MountTmpfsOp) prefix() string   { return "mounting" }
-func (t *MountTmpfsOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("tmpfs on %q size %d", t.Path, t.Size) }
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(MountOverlayOp)) }
-
-// Overlay appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem on [MountOverlayOp.Target].
-func (f *Ops) Overlay(target, state, work *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MountOverlayOp{
-		Target: target,
-		Lower:  layers,
-		Upper:  state,
-		Work:   work,
-	})
-	return f
-}
-
-// OverlayEphemeral appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem on [MountOverlayOp.Target]
-// with an ephemeral upperdir and workdir.
-func (f *Ops) OverlayEphemeral(target *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
-	return f.Overlay(target, AbsFHSRoot, nil, layers...)
-}
-
-// OverlayReadonly appends an [Op] that mounts the overlay pseudo filesystem readonly on [MountOverlayOp.Target]
-func (f *Ops) OverlayReadonly(target *Absolute, layers ...*Absolute) *Ops {
-	return f.Overlay(target, nil, nil, layers...)
-}
-
-type MountOverlayOp struct {
-	Target *Absolute
-
-	// Any filesystem, does not need to be on a writable filesystem.
-	Lower []*Absolute
-	// formatted for [OptionOverlayLowerdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
-	lower []string
-	// The upperdir is normally on a writable filesystem.
-	//
-	// If Work is nil and Upper holds the special value [FHSRoot],
-	// an ephemeral upperdir and workdir will be set up.
-	//
-	// If both Work and Upper are empty strings, upperdir and workdir is omitted and the overlay is mounted readonly.
-	Upper *Absolute
-	// formatted for [OptionOverlayUpperdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
-	upper string
-	// The workdir needs to be an empty directory on the same filesystem as upperdir.
-	Work *Absolute
-	// formatted for [OptionOverlayWorkdir], resolved, prefixed and escaped during early
-	work string
-
-	ephemeral bool
-}
-
-func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(*setupState) error {
-	if o.Work == nil && o.Upper != nil {
-		switch o.Upper.String() {
-		case FHSRoot: // ephemeral
-			o.ephemeral = true // intermediate root not yet available
-
-		default:
-			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, fmt.Sprintf("upperdir has unexpected value %q", o.Upper))
-		}
-	}
-	// readonly handled in apply
-
-	if !o.ephemeral {
-		if o.Upper != o.Work && (o.Upper == nil || o.Work == nil) {
-			// unreachable
-			return msg.WrapErr(ENOTRECOVERABLE, "impossible overlay state reached")
-		}
-
-		if o.Upper != nil {
-			if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(o.Upper.String()); err != nil {
-				return wrapErrSelf(err)
-			} else {
-				o.upper = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
-			}
-		}
-
-		if o.Work != nil {
-			if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(o.Work.String()); err != nil {
-				return wrapErrSelf(err)
-			} else {
-				o.work = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	o.lower = make([]string, len(o.Lower))
-	for i, a := range o.Lower {
-		if a == nil {
-			return EBADE
-		}
-
-		if v, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(a.String()); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		} else {
-			o.lower[i] = EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
-	if o.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	target := toSysroot(o.Target.String())
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(target, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	}
-
-	if o.ephemeral {
-		var err error
-		// these directories are created internally, therefore early (absolute, symlink, prefix, escape) is bypassed
-		if o.upper, err = os.MkdirTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternOverlayUpper); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-		if o.work, err = os.MkdirTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternOverlayWork); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	options := make([]string, 0, 4)
-
-	if o.upper == zeroString && o.work == zeroString { // readonly
-		if len(o.Lower) < 2 {
-			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, "readonly overlay requires at least two lowerdir")
-		}
-		// "upperdir=" and "workdir=" may be omitted. In that case the overlay will be read-only
-	} else {
-		if len(o.Lower) == 0 {
-			return msg.WrapErr(EINVAL, "overlay requires at least one lowerdir")
-		}
-		options = append(options,
-			OptionOverlayUpperdir+"="+o.upper,
-			OptionOverlayWorkdir+"="+o.work)
-	}
-	options = append(options,
-		OptionOverlayLowerdir+"="+strings.Join(o.lower, SpecialOverlayPath),
-		OptionOverlayUserxattr)
-
-	return wrapErrSuffix(Mount(SourceOverlay, target, FstypeOverlay, 0, strings.Join(options, SpecialOverlayOption)),
-		fmt.Sprintf("cannot mount overlay on %q:", o.Target))
-}
-
-func (o *MountOverlayOp) Is(op Op) bool {
-	vo, ok := op.(*MountOverlayOp)
-	return ok &&
-		o.Target == vo.Target &&
-		slices.Equal(o.Lower, vo.Lower) &&
-		o.Upper == vo.Upper &&
-		o.Work == vo.Work
-}
-func (*MountOverlayOp) prefix() string { return "mounting" }
-func (o *MountOverlayOp) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("overlay on %q with %d layers", o.Target, len(o.Lower))
-}
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(SymlinkOp)) }
-
-// Link appends an [Op] that creates a symlink in the container filesystem.
-func (f *Ops) Link(target *Absolute, linkName string, dereference bool) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &SymlinkOp{target, linkName, dereference})
-	return f
-}
-
-type SymlinkOp struct {
-	Target *Absolute
-	// LinkName is an arbitrary uninterpreted pathname.
-	LinkName string
-
-	// Dereference causes LinkName to be dereferenced during early.
-	Dereference bool
-}
-
-func (l *SymlinkOp) early(*setupState) error {
-	if l.Dereference {
-		if !isAbs(l.LinkName) {
-			return msg.WrapErr(EBADE, fmt.Sprintf("path %q is not absolute", l.LinkName))
-		}
-		if name, err := os.Readlink(l.LinkName); err != nil {
-			return wrapErrSelf(err)
-		} else {
-			l.LinkName = name
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (l *SymlinkOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
-	if l.Target == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	target := toSysroot(l.Target.String())
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(target), state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(l.LinkName, target); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (l *SymlinkOp) Is(op Op) bool { vl, ok := op.(*SymlinkOp); return ok && *l == *vl }
-func (*SymlinkOp) prefix() string  { return "creating" }
-func (l *SymlinkOp) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("symlink on %q linkname %q", l.Target, l.LinkName)
-}
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(MkdirOp)) }
-
-// Mkdir appends an [Op] that creates a directory in the container filesystem.
-func (f *Ops) Mkdir(name *Absolute, perm os.FileMode) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &MkdirOp{name, perm})
-	return f
-}
-
-type MkdirOp struct {
-	Path *Absolute
-	Perm os.FileMode
-}
-
-func (m *MkdirOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (m *MkdirOp) apply(*setupState) error {
-	if m.Path == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-	return wrapErrSelf(os.MkdirAll(toSysroot(m.Path.String()), m.Perm))
-}
-
-func (m *MkdirOp) Is(op Op) bool  { vm, ok := op.(*MkdirOp); return ok && m == vm }
-func (*MkdirOp) prefix() string   { return "creating" }
-func (m *MkdirOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("directory %q perm %s", m.Path, m.Perm) }
-
-func init() { gob.Register(new(TmpfileOp)) }
-
-// Place appends an [Op] that places a file in container path [TmpfileOp.Path] containing [TmpfileOp.Data].
-func (f *Ops) Place(name *Absolute, data []byte) *Ops {
-	*f = append(*f, &TmpfileOp{name, data})
-	return f
-}
-
-// PlaceP is like Place but writes the address of [TmpfileOp.Data] to the pointer dataP points to.
-func (f *Ops) PlaceP(name *Absolute, dataP **[]byte) *Ops {
-	t := &TmpfileOp{Path: name}
-	*dataP = &t.Data
-
-	*f = append(*f, t)
-	return f
-}
-
-type TmpfileOp struct {
-	Path *Absolute
-	Data []byte
-}
-
-func (t *TmpfileOp) early(*setupState) error { return nil }
-func (t *TmpfileOp) apply(state *setupState) error {
-	if t.Path == nil {
-		return EBADE
-	}
-
-	var tmpPath string
-	if f, err := os.CreateTemp(FHSRoot, intermediatePatternTmpfile); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	} else if _, err = f.Write(t.Data); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
-			"cannot write to intermediate file:")
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSuffix(err,
-			"cannot close intermediate file:")
-	} else {
-		tmpPath = f.Name()
-	}
-
-	target := toSysroot(t.Path.String())
-	if err := ensureFile(target, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if err = hostProc.bindMount(
-		tmpPath,
-		target,
-		MS_RDONLY|MS_NODEV,
-		false,
-	); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if err = os.Remove(tmpPath); err != nil {
-		return wrapErrSelf(err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *TmpfileOp) Is(op Op) bool {
-	vt, ok := op.(*TmpfileOp)
-	return ok && t.Path == vt.Path && slices.Equal(t.Data, vt.Data)
-}
-func (*TmpfileOp) prefix() string { return "placing" }
-func (t *TmpfileOp) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("tmpfile %q (%d bytes)", t.Path, len(t.Data))
-}